Electrical Equipment Circuit

Dual_high_side_switch_driver_with_extended_voltage_range

Published:2009/7/24 5:34:00 Author:Jessie

Figure 8-49 shows an LTC1155 connected as a switch driver for voltages greater than 9 V. The circuit is the same as that shown in Fig. 8-48, with the addition of the zeners. LINEAR TECHNOLOGY, APPLICATION NOTE 53, P. 2.   (View)

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Avalanche_pulse_generator_for_rise_fall_measurements

Published:2009/7/24 7:27:00 Author:Jessie

This circuit draws only about 5 mA from the 1.5-V battery, and produces a 10-V pulse with a typical rise and fall time of about 350 ps. Q1 might require selection to get the desired avalanche behavior. A sample of 50 Motorola 2N2369s, spread over a 12-year date-code span，yielded 82％(with some in the 220- to 230-ps range). All good 2N2369s switched in less than 650 ps. C1 is selected for a 10-V amplitude output. The value spread is typically 2 to 4 pF. Ground-plane construction with high-speed layout techniques are essential for good results from this circuit. Linear Technology Corporations 1991, AN47-93.   (View)

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Varactor_tuned_Wien_bridge_oscillator

Published:2009/7/24 7:26:00 Author:Jessie

This circuit replaces the lamp (Fig. 5-18) and electronic control (Fig. 5-19) with a Wien network to produce a variable-frequency output from 1 to 10 MHz. Usually, Wien circuits require manually adjustable elements (dual pots or two-section variable capacitors) for tuning. In this circuit, the Wien-network resistors are fixed (360Ω), and the capacitive elements are accomplished with varactor diodes. The circuit is tuned by a control voltage at the noninverting input of A3. Figure 5-20B is a spectrum analysis of the oscillator output. Linear Technology corporation, 1991, AN47-51.   (View)

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Quartz_stabilized_oscillator_with_electronic_gain_control

Published:2009/7/24 7:21:00 Author:Jessie

This circuit replaces the lamp（Fig. 5-18）with an electronic gain control or stabilization loop. To use this circuit, adjust the 50-Ω trimmer until 2-Vpp oscillations appear at the output of A1. Figure 5-19B is a spectrum analysis of the oscillator output. Linear Technology Corporation, 1991, AN47-50.   (View)

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Basic_quartz_stabilized_oscillator

Published:2009/7/24 7:17:00 Author:Jessie

This circuit uses a crystal within an amplifier's feedback path to create an oscillator. Although shown as 10 MHz, the circuit works well with a wide variety of crystal types over a 100-kHz to 20-MHz range. The use of a lamp to control amplifier gain is a classic technique that was first used in 1938. Linear Technology Corporation, 1991, AN47-49.   (View)

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Regenerative_sine_wave_converter

Published:2009/7/24 7:16:00 Author:Jessie

This circuit uses an XR-2211 PLL and an XR-2208 multiplier to form a universal sine-wave converter. The circuit converts any periodic input-signal waveform to a low-distortion sine-wave, the frequency of which is identical to the repetition rate of the input signal. The center frequency, fO, is determined by the values of CO and RO. With RO at 10 kΩ, as shown, the value of CO is determined by: CO(inμF)=100/fO in Hz. Notice that the XR-2211 VCO might not oscillate if RO is greater than 10 kΩ. The distortion and amplitude of the sine-wave output is adjusted by RX, and RF, as shown. EXAR Corporation Databook, 1990, p. 5-312.   (View)

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Function_generator_with_wide_tuning_range

Published:2009/7/24 8:23:00 Author:Jessie

The adjustment range of this generator is in excess of 1,000,000/1, using a single frequency-adjust potentiometer. C1, C2, and C3 shape the triangular signal between 500 kHz and 1 MHz. C4, C5, and the 50-kΩ trimmer are adjusted to maintain essentially constant (±10%) amplitude up to 1 MHz. Harris Semiconductor, Linear and Telecom ICs, 1991, p. 3-224.   (View)

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Pulse_generator_with_independent_on_and_off_periods

Published:2009/7/24 8:20:00 Author:Jessie

This circuit is a pulse generator or astable multivibrator, where the on and off periods can be adjusted separately. The pulse rate is selected by the setting of S1, and it remains essentially constant when the on-period and off-period resistors are adjusted. Harris Semiconductor, Linear and Telecom ICs,1991, p. 3-100.   (View)

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UJT_relaxation_oscillator

Published:2009/7/24 8:19:00 Author:Jessie

This figure shows the circuit, waveforms, and characteristics, where a UJT is used as a relaxation oscillator. This basic building block is used in most of the UJT timer and control circuits (described in chapter 9). The waveforms and characteristics are shown in Figs. 5-41B and 5-41C, respectively. The waveforms are those obtained when the circuit values are: RE=10 kΩ, CE= 0.01μF, R2=200Ω, R1=47Ω, and V1=20 V. The approximate period of the oscillator pulses can be found by:RECE×1.7. The value of RE must be such that the load line (Fig. 5-41C) intersects the emitter characteristic in the negative-resistance region. Motorola Thyristor Device Data, 1991, p .1-6-37, 38.   (View)

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Relaxation_oscillator_using_a_SIDAC

Published:2009/7/24 8:17:00 Author:Jessie

This figure shows the circuit and corresponding waveforms, where a SIDAC is used as a relaxation oscillator. Being a negative-resistance device, the SIDAC can be used as a simple relaxation oscillator, where frequency is determined primarily by the RC time constant. Once the capacitor voltage reaches the SIDAC breakover voltage V(BO), the SIDAC fires, and dumps the charged capacitor. Power can be obtained by placing the load in the discharge path. Such a circuit can be used as an xeon flasher (Fig. 8- l4). Motorola Thyristor Device Data, 1991, p. 1-4-6.   (View)

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Low_frequency_precision_RC_oscillator

Published:2009/7/24 8:15:00 Author:Jessie

This circuit shows a precision RC oscillator, where the frequency is determined by the equation 0.72/(R1C1). The circuit is particularly useful for frequencies below 3 kHz. For a bipolar ±5-V output swing, refer the ground connection to -5 V. Linear Technology Corporation, Linear Appications Handbook, 1990, p. AN20-11.   (View)

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Crystal_oscillator_with_50_duty_cycle

Published:2009/7/24 8:14:00 Author:Jessie

This circuit shows an LT1011 comparator biased in the linear mode and using a crystal to establish the resonant frequency. This circuit can achieve a temperature-independent clock up to a few hundred kHz. Linear Technology Corporaton, Linear Applications Handbook, 1990, p. AN20-12.   (View)

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Low_cost_oscillator_with_AT_cut_crystal

Published:2009/7/24 8:14:00 Author:Jessie

This circuit shows a crystal oscillator that is designed as a clock for an LTC1062 filter (chapter 7). The clock frequency is determined by the crystal and the values of C1 and C2, as shown by the table. Linear Technology Corporations Linear Applications Handbook, 1990, p. AN20-12.   (View)

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One_shot_multivibrator

Published:2009/7/24 9:09:00 Author:Jessie

This circuit uses two LM3900 Norton amplifiers as a one-shot or monostable MV. CR1 can be a 1N914 or equivalent. National Semiconductor, Linear Applications Handbook, 1991, p. 242.   (View)

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Complementary_trigger_flip_flop

Published:2009/7/24 9:08:00 Author:Jessie

This circuit uses two LM3900 Norton amplifiers as a complementary flip-flop or as a divide-by-two configuration. National Semiconductor, Linear Applications Handbook, 1991, p. 241.   (View)

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Trigger_flip_flop

Published:2009/7/24 9:07:00 Author:Jessie

This circuit uses an LM3900 Norton amplifier as a trigger flip-flop as a divide-by-two configuration. CR1 and CR2 can be 1N914s or equivalent. National Semiconductor, Linear Applications Handbook, 1991, p. 241.   (View)

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Bi_stable_multivibrator

Published:2009/7/24 9:06:00 Author:Jessie

This circuit uses an LM3900 Norton amplifier as a bi-stable MV (or asynchronous RS flip-flop). A positive pulse at the Set input causes the output to go high (approximately V+), and a Reset positive pulse returns the output to essentially 0 V. National Semiconductor, Linear Applications Handbook, 1991, p. 240.   (View)

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Pulse_generator_1

Published:2009/7/24 9:05:00 Author:Jessie

This circuit uses an LM4250 programmable op amp. Figure 5-55B shows the relationship between the pulse frequency and the setting of R2. The output of Q1 can interface directly with TTL/DTL circuits. National Semiconductor, Linear Applications Handbook, 1991, p. 208.   (View)

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Crystal_controlled_comparator_oscillator

Published:2009/7/24 9:04:00 Author:Jessie

This circuit also uses an LM111 comparator to produce a 100-kHz output. The circuit is similar to that of Fig. 5-53, except that positive feedback is obtained through the crystal (operating in a series-resonant mode). The high input impedance of the comparator minimizes crystal loading and contributes to frequency stability. National Semiconductor, Linear Applications Handbook, 1991, p. 132.   (View)

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Free_running_multivibrator

Published:2009/7/24 9:03:00 Author:Jessie

This circuit uses an LM111 comparator to produce a 100-kHz square-wave output. The frequency can be changed by varying C1, or by adjusting R1 through R4, while keeping the ratios constant. Because of the low input current of a comparator, large circuit impedances can be used. Thus, low frequencies can be obtained with relatively small capacitor values (compared to most op amp MVs). A1-Hz output requires a 1-μF capacitor. The speed of the comparator also permits operation above 100 kHz. National Semiconductor, Linear Applications Handbook, 1991, p. 132.   (View)

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